Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management, 2026, 16(3), 2025-128
Evaluation of Cement By-Pass Dust-Treated Desert Sand as Low-Permeability Barrier Material in Landfill Facilities
1
Lecturer, Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Univ. of
Babylon, P.O. Box 4, Al Hillah 51002, Babil, Iraq, E-mail:
eng.yahya.karagoly@uobabylon.edu.iq (corresponding author).
2
Lecturer, Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Univ. of
Babylon, P.O. Box 4, Al Hillah 51002, Babil, Iraq, E-mail:
eng.alyaaa.ali@uobabylon.edu.iq
3
Lecturer, Environmental Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Univ.
of Babylon, P.O. Box 4, Al Hillah 51002, Babil, Iraq, E-mail:
wathiq.aljabban@uobabylon.edu.iq
4
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering,
Univ. of Babylon, P.O. Box 4, Al Hillah 51002, Babil, Iraq, E-mail:
eng.jinan.jawad@uobabylon.edu.iq
Engineering Management
Received June 18, 2025; revised January 22, 2026; accepted March 15, 2026
Available online March 23, 2026
Abstract: The use of desert sand in its natural state as barrier material in engineered landfill systems is not possible due to its high hydraulic conductivity and low strength. Therefore, improvement of this type of soil is essential. The current study includes treatment of sand with different Cement By-Pass Dust (CBPD) percentages: 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, 24%, 28%, and 36% by dry weight of mixture. The prepared mixtures were assessed in terms of their compaction, hydraulic conductivity, and unconfined compressive strength properties. The results indicated that adding CBPD initially reduced the optimum moisture content and then a continuous increase was observed, while the maximum dry unit weight showed an upward trend and peaked at 20% CBPD and then decreased. The hydraulic conductivity decreased with increasing CBPD amount and with time. For CBPD contents equal to or greater than 20%, the hydraulic conductivity dropped to less than 10-9m/s. The values of unconfined compressive strength of the cured mixtures at various periods exhibited an increasing trend with increasing CBPD percentages and were found to be greater than 200kN/m2. The desert sand treated with 20% CBPD is a promising material that meets the practical requirements for hydraulic conductivity and unconfined compressive strength for the development of engineered landfill barrier systems.
Keywords: Desert Sand, cement by-pass dust, barrier system/material, hydraulic conductivity, unconfined compressive strength.
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Citation: Karagoly, Y. H., Ameri, A. A., Al-Jabban, W. J., and Alwash, J. J. (2026). Evaluation of Cement By-Pass Dust-Treated Desert Sand as Low-Permeability Barrier Material in Landfill Facilities. Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management, 16(3), 2025-128.
