Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management, 2026, 16(2), 2025-173
A Game-Theoretic Hybrid Optimization Framework for Dynamic Energy Management of Electric Vehicles
1 Lecturer,
School of Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering, Wuhu Vocational
Technical University, Wuhu, 241000, China, E-mail: 13855309515@163.com
2 Lecturer, School of Automotive
and Aeronautical Engineering, Wuhu Vocational Technical University, Wuhu,
241000, China, E-mail: ranxueqin2410@outlook.com (corresponding author).
Engineering Management
Received August 20, 2025; revised October 9, 2025; accepted October 11, 2025
Available online March 7, 2026
Abstract: The energy management of electric vehicles can be formulated as a dynamic multi-agent optimization problem, where power sources (i.e., battery and supercapacitor) act as strategic decision-makers with competing objectives. Traditional methods fail to address nonlinear coupled dynamics and real-time adaptation. This paper proposes a game-theoretic learning framework combining improved fuzzy control with a Hybrid Whale Optimization Algorithm-Grey Wolf Optimizer (WOA-GWO). The fuzzy system is modeled as a cooperative game with optimized membership functions and rules, while WOA-GWO employs competitive hunting dynamics (whale swarm vs. wolf pack) to auto-tune parameters, achieving Nash equilibrium in search efficiency. Experimental results revealed Pareto-optimal outcomes: urban/highway scenarios showed 7.6%/5.2% battery loss reduction (non-cooperative baseline: 12.4%/9.8%), 18.3 kWh/15.4 kWh total consumption (22.1 kWh/18.9 kWh baseline), and 92.6%/94.8% efficiency (88.3%/91.2% baseline). Supercapacitor utilization reached 27.4%/29.7%, demonstrating evolutionary stable strategies for resource allocation. The core contribution of this article lies in a novel hierarchical game framework that utilizes competitive optimization WOA-GWO to automatically design a collaborative control strategy using fuzzy logic. This strategy has been formally proven to be an evolutionarily stable strategy for an energy storage system for robust energy allocation.
Keywords: Electric vehicles, energy management strategy, fuzzy control, WOA, GWO algorithm.
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Citation: Wu, Y. and Ran, X. (2026). A Game-Theoretic Hybrid Optimization Framework for Dynamic Energy Management of Electric Vehicles. Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management, 16(2), 2025-173.
